Dawkins, G., Hewitt, H., Wint, Y., Obiefuna, P. C., and Wint, B. Antibacterial effects of Carica papaya fruit on common wound organisms. West Indian Med J 2003;52(4):290-292. View abstract.

Murthy MB, Murthy BK, Bhave S. Comparison of safety and efficacy of papaya dressing with hydrogen peroxide solution on wound bed preparation in patients with wound gape. Indian J Pharmacol 2012;44(6):784-7. View abstract.

Bhat, G. P. and Surolia, N. In vitro antimalarial activity of extracts of three plants used in the traditional medicine of India. Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg. 2001;65(4):304-308. View abstract.

Monti R, Basilio CA, Trevisan HC, Contiero J. Purification of papain from fresh latex of Carica papaya. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2000;43(5):501-7.

Oderinde, O., Noronha, C., Oremosu, A., Kusemiju, T., and Okanlawon, O. A. Abortifacient properties of aqueous extract of Carica papaya (Linn) seeds on female Sprague-Dawley rats. Niger.Postgrad.Med J 2002;9(2):95-98. View abstract.

Agada R, Usman WA, Shehu S, Thagariki D. In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of Carica papaya seed on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Heliyon. 2020;6(3):e03618. View abstract.

Alkhouli M, Laflouf M, Alhaddad M. Efficacy of Aloe-vera use for prevention of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Compr Child Adolesc Nurs. 2020:1-14. View abstract.

Pandey, M. and Shukla, V. K. Diet and gallbladder cancer: a case-control study. Eur.J Cancer Prev 2002;11(4):365-368. View abstract.

Nguyen TT, Parat MO, Shaw PN, Hewavitharana AK, Hodson MP. Traditional aboriginal preparation alters the chemical profile of Carica papaya leaves and impacts on cytotoxicity towards human squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2016;11(2):e0147956. View abstract.

Lohsoonthorn, P. and Danvivat, D. Colorectal cancer risk factors: a case-control study in Bangkok. Asia Pac.J Public Health 1995;8(2):118-122. View abstract.

Andersen HA, Bernatz PE, Grindlay JH. Perforation of the esophagus after use of a digestant agent: report of case and experimental study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1959;68:890-6. View abstract.

Rao DG, Havale R, Sara SS, Bemalgi N, Fatima BO, Kumar AY. Antibacterial efficacy of Carica papaya leaf extract, probiotics, kidodent, and placebo mouthwashes in reduction of salivary Streptococcus mutans: A double-blinded parallel designed randomized controlled trial. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2021;39(3):291-298. View abstract.

Giordani, R., Cardenas, M. L., Moulin-Traffort, J., and Regli, P. Fungicidal activity of latex sap from Carica papaya and antifungal effect of D(+)-glucosamine on Candida albicans growth. Mycoses 1996;39(3-4):103-110. View abstract.

Mansfield LE, Ting S, Haverly RW, Yoo TJ. The incidence and clinical implications of hypersensitivity to papain in an allergic population, confirmed by blinded oral challenge. Ann Allergy 1985;55:541-3. View abstract.

Odani, S., Yokokawa, Y., Takeda, H., Abe, S., and Odani, S. The primary structure and characterization of carbohydrate chains of the extracellular glycoprotein proteinase inhibitor from latex of Carica papaya. Eur.J Biochem. 10-1-1996;241(1):77-82. View abstract.

Diaz-Perales A, Collada C, Blanco C, et al. Cross-reactions in the latex-fruit syndrome: A relevant role of chitinases but not of complex asparagine-linked glycans. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:681-7. View abstract.

Chota, A., Sikasunge, C. S., Phiri, A. M., Musukwa, M. N., Haazele, F., and Phiri, I. K. A comparative study of the efficacy of piperazine and Carica papaya for the control of helminth parasites in village chickens in Zambia. Trop.Anim Health Prod. 2010;42(3):315-318. View abstract.

Vallis, C. P. and Lund, M. H. Effect of treatment with Carica papaya on resolution of edema and ecchymosis following rhinoplasty. Curr.Ther.Res.Clin.Exp. 1969;11(6):356-359. View abstract.

Roychowdhury, T., Uchino, T., Tokunaga, H., and Ando, M. Survey of arsenic in food composites from an arsenic-affected area of West Bengal, India. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40(11):1611-1621. View abstract.

Lohiya, N. K., Manivannan, B., Bhande, S. S., Panneerdoss, S., and Garg, S. Perspectives of contraceptive choices for men. Indian J Exp.Biol 2005;43(11):1042-1047. View abstract.

Sachs, M., von Eichel, J., and Asskali, F. [Wound management with coconut oil in Indonesian folk medicine]. Chirurg 2002;73(4):387-392. View abstract.

Aziz J, Abu Kassim NL, Abu Kasim NH, Haque N, Rahman MT. Carica papaya induces in vitro thrombopoietic cytokines secretion by mesenchymal stem cells and haematopoietic cells. BMC Complement Altern Med 2015;15:215. View abstract.

Castillo, R., Delgado, J., Quiralte, J., Blanco, C., and Carrillo, T. Food hypersensitivity among adult patients: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Allergol.Immunopathol.(Madr.) 1996;24(3):93-97. View abstract.

Asghar N, Naqvi SA, Hussain Z, et al. Compositional difference in antioxidant and antibacterial activity of all parts of the Carica papaya using different solvents. Chem Cent J 2016;10:5. View abstract.

Papaya might lower blood sugar levels. Taking papaya along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely.

Rimbach, G., Park, Y. C., Guo, Q., Moini, H., Qureshi, N., Saliou, C., Takayama, K., Virgili, F., and Packer, L. Nitric oxide synthesis and TNF-alpha secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophages: mode of action of a fermented papaya preparation. Life Sci 6-30-2000;67(6):679-694. View abstract.

Taking papaya extract by mouth along with amiodarone might increase the amount of amiodarone in the body. This might increase the effects and adverse effects of amiodarone.

Miyoshi, N., Uchida, K., Osawa, T., and Nakamura, Y. Selective cytotoxicity of benzyl isothiocyanate in the proliferating fibroblastoid cells. Int J Cancer 2-1-2007;120(3):484-492. View abstract.

Nakamura, Y. and Miyoshi, N. Cell death induction by isothiocyanates and their underlying molecular mechanisms. Biofactors 2006;26(2):123-134. View abstract.

Rajapakse S, de Silva NL, Weeratunga P, Rodrigo C, Sigera C, Fernando SD. Carica papaya extract in dengue: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19(1):265. View abstract.

Rimbach, G., Guo, Q., Akiyama, T., Matsugo, S., Moini, H., Virgili, F., and Packer, L. Ferric nitrilotriacetate induced DNA and protein damage: inhibitory effect of a fermented papaya preparation. Anticancer Res 2000;20(5A):2907-2914. View abstract.

Ncube, T. N., Greiner, T., Malaba, L. C., and Gebre-Medhin, M. Supplementing lactating women with puréed papaya and grated carrots improved vitamin A status in a placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr 2001;131(5):1497-1502. View abstract.

Jayarajan, P., Reddy, V., and Mohanram, M. Effect of dietary fat on absorption of beta carotene from green leafy vegetables in children. Indian J Med Res 1980;71:53-56. View abstract.

Mayer W, Weibel M, De Luca C, et al. Biomolecules of Fermented Tropical Fruits and Fermenting Microbes as Regulators of Human Hair Loss, Hair Quality, and Scalp Microbiota. Biomolecules 2023;13(4):699. View abstract.

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Danese, C., Esposito, D., D'Alfonso, V., Cirene, M., Ambrosino, M., and Colotto, M. Plasma glucose level decreases as collateral effect of fermented papaya preparation use. Clin Ter. 2006;157(3):195-198. View abstract.

Pieper, B. and Caliri, M. H. Nontraditional wound care: A review of the evidence for the use of sugar, papaya/papain, and fatty acids. J.Wound.Ostomy.Continence.Nurs. 2003;30(4):175-183. View abstract.

Zhang, J., Mori, A., Chen, Q., and Zhao, B. Fermented papaya preparation attenuates beta-amyloid precursor protein: beta-amyloid-mediated copper neurotoxicity in beta-amyloid precursor protein and beta-amyloid precursor protein Swedish mutation overexpressing SH-SY5Y cells. Neuroscience 11-17-2006;143(1):63-72. View abstract.

Osato, J. A., Korkina, L. G., Santiago, L. A., and Afanas'ev, I. B. Effects of bio-normalizer (a food supplementation) on free radical production by human blood neutrophils, erythrocytes, and rat peritoneal macrophages. Nutrition 1995;11(5 Suppl):568-572. View abstract.

Marotta, F., Weksler, M., Naito, Y., Yoshida, C., Yoshioka, M., and Marandola, P. Nutraceutical supplementation: effect of a fermented papaya preparation on redox status and DNA damage in healthy elderly individuals and relationship with GSTM1 genotype: a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci 2006;1067:400-407. View abstract.

Lohiya, N. K., Kothari, L. K., Manivannan, B., Mishra, P. K., and Pathak, N. Human sperm immobilization effect of Carica papaya seed extracts: an in vitro study. Asian J Androl 2000;2(2):103-109. View abstract.

Le Marchand, L., Hankin, J. H., Kolonel, L. N., and Wilkens, L. R. Vegetable and fruit consumption in relation to prostate cancer risk in Hawaii: a reevaluation of the effect of dietary beta-carotene. Am J Epidemiol. 2-1-1991;133(3):215-219. View abstract.

Cespedes D, Mendez J, Villasanti U. Carica papaya mouthrinse as an inhibitor of Streptococcus mutans: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Dent 2021;34(5):273-276. View abstract.

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Deiana L, Marini S, Mariotti S. Ingestion of large amounts of papaya fruit and impaired effectiveness of levothyroxine therapy. Endocr Pract 2012;18(1):98-100. View abstract.

Marotta, F., Barreto, R., Tajiri, H., Bertuccelli, J., Safran, P., Yoshida, C., and Fesce, E. The aging/precancerous gastric mucosa: a pilot nutraceutical trial. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci 2004;1019:195-199. View abstract.

Marotta, F., Tajiri, H., Barreto, R., Brasca, P., Ideo, G. M., Mondazzi, L., Safran, P., Bobadilla, J., and Ideo, G. Cyanocobalamin absorption abnormality in alcoholics is improved by oral supplementation with a fermented papaya-derived antioxidant. Hepatogastroenterology 2000;47(34):1189-1194. View abstract.

Marotta, F., Safran, P., Tajiri, H., Princess, G., Anzulovic, H., Ideo, G. M., Rouge, A., Seal, M. G., and Ideo, G. Improvement of hemorheological abnormalities in alcoholics by an oral antioxidant. Hepatogastroenterology 2001;48(38):511-517. View abstract.

Kato, S., Bowman, E. D., Harrington, A. M., Blomeke, B., and Shields, P. G. Human lung carcinogen-DNA adduct levels mediated by genetic polymorphisms in vivo. J Natl.Cancer Inst. 6-21-1995;87(12):902-907. View abstract.

Mojica-Henshaw, M. P., Francisco, A. D., De, Guzman F., and Tigno, X. T. Possible immunomodulatory actions of Carica papaya seed extract. Clin Hemorheol.Microcirc. 2003;29(3-4):219-229. View abstract.

Hemmer, W., Focke, M., Gotz, M., and Jarisch, R. Sensitization to Ficus benjamina: relationship to natural rubber latex allergy and identification of foods implicated in the Ficus-fruit syndrome. Clin.Exp.Allergy 2004;34(8):1251-1258. View abstract.

Aruoma, O. I., Colognato, R., Fontana, I., Gartlon, J., Migliore, L., Koike, K., Coecke, S., Lamy, E., Mersch-Sundermann, V., Laurenza, I., Benzi, L., Yoshino, F., Kobayashi, K., and Lee, M. C. Molecular effects of fermented papaya preparation on oxidative damage, MAP Kinase activation and modulation of the benzo[a]pyrene mediated genotoxicity. Biofactors 2006;26(2):147-159. View abstract.

Marotta, F., Pavasuthipaisit, K., Yoshida, C., Albergati, F., and Marandola, P. Relationship between aging and susceptibility of erythrocytes to oxidative damage: in view of nutraceutical interventions. Rejuvenation.Res 2006;9(2):227-230. View abstract.

Owoyele, B. V., Adebukola, O. M., Funmilayo, A. A., and Soladoye, A. O. Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves. Inflammopharmacology. 2008;16(4):168-173. View abstract.

Hewitt, H., Whittle, S., Lopez, S., Bailey, E., and Weaver, S. Topical use of papaya in chronic skin ulcer therapy in Jamaica. West Indian Med.J. 2000;49(1):32-33. View abstract.

Rodrigues M, Alves G, Francisco J, Fortuna A, Falcão A. Herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction between Carica papaya extract and amiodarone in rats. J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;17(3):302-15. View abstract.

Hampilos K, Corn J, Hodsdon W, et al. Effect Of Carica Papaya Leaf Extract On Platelet Count In Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Case Series. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2019;18(5):30-35. View abstract.

Kharaeva ZF, Zhanimova LR, Mustafaev MSh, et al. Effects of standardised fermented papaya gel on clinical symptoms, inflammatory cytokines, and nitric oxide metabolites in patients with chronic periodontitis: an open randomised clinical study. Mediators Inflamm 2016;2016:9379840. View abstract.

CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Never delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice from your doctor or other qualified health care provider because of something you have read on WebMD. You should always speak with your doctor or health care professional before you start, stop, or change any prescribed part of your health care plan or treatment and to determine what course of therapy is right for you.

Mourvaki, E., Gizzi, S., Rossi, R., and Rufini, S. Passionflower fruit-a "new" source of lycopene? J Med Food 2005;8(1):104-106. View abstract.

Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements: a 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf 1997;17:342-56. View abstract.

Ballot, D., Baynes, R. D., Bothwell, T. H., Gillooly, M., MacFarlane, B. J., MacPhail, A. P., Lyons, G., Derman, D. P., Bezwoda, W. R., Torrance, J. D., and . The effects of fruit juices and fruits on the absorption of iron from a rice meal. Br J Nutr 1987;57(3):331-343. View abstract.

Rakhimov, M. R. [Pharmacological study of papain from the papaya plant cultivated in Uzbekistan]. Eksp.Klin.Farmakol. 2000;63(3):55-57. View abstract.

Sathyapalan DT, Padmanabhan A, Moni M, et al. Efficacy & safety of Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) in severe thrombocytopenia (≤30,000/μl) in adult dengue - Results of a pilot study. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0228699. View abstract.

Blanco C, Diaz-Perales A, Collada C, et al. Class I chitinases as potential panallergens involved in the latex-fruit syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103(3 Pt 1):507-13.

Wilson, R. K., Kwan, T. K., Kwan, C. Y., and Sorger, G. J. Effects of papaya seed extract and benzyl isothiocyanate on vascular contraction. Life Sci 6-21-2002;71(5):497-507. View abstract.

Otsuki, N., Dang, N. H., Kumagai, E., Kondo, A., Iwata, S., and Morimoto, C. Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. J Ethnopharmacol. 2-17-2010;127(3):760-767. View abstract.

Datla, K. P., Bennett, R. D., Zbarsky, V., Ke, B., Liang, Y. F., Higa, T., Bahorun, T., Aruoma, O. I., and Dexter, D. T. The antioxidant drink effective microorganism-X (EM-X) pre-treatment attenuates the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004;56(5):649-654. View abstract.

Iliev, D. and Elsner, P. Generalized drug reaction due to papaya juice in throat lozenges. Dermatology 1997;194(4):364-366. View abstract.

Brehler, R., Theissen, U., Mohr, C., and Luger, T. "Latex-fruit syndrome": frequency of cross-reacting IgE antibodies. Allergy 1997;52(4):404-410. View abstract.

Salleh, M. N., Runnie, I., Roach, P. D., Mohamed, S., and Abeywardena, M. Y. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and up-regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor in HepG2 cells by tropical plant extracts. J Agric.Food Chem. 6-19-2002;50(13):3693-3697. View abstract.

Warfarin is used to slow blood clotting. Papaya might increase the effects of warfarin and increase the chances of bruising and bleeding. Be sure to have your blood checked regularly. The dose of your warfarin might need to be changed.

Ebo, D. G., Bridts, C. H., Hagendorens, M. M., De Clerck, L. S., and Stevens, W. J. The prevalence and diagnostic value of specific IgE antibodies to inhalant, animal and plant food, and ficus allergens in patients with natural rubber latex allergy. Acta Clin Belg. 2003;58(3):183-189. View abstract.

Starley, I. F., Mohammed, P., Schneider, G., and Bickler, S. W. The treatment of paediatric burns using topical papaya. Burns 1999;25(7):636-639. View abstract.

Menon, V., Ram, M., Dorn, J., Armstrong, D., Muti, P., Freudenheim, J. L., Browne, R., Schunemann, H., and Trevisan, M. Oxidative stress and glucose levels in a population-based sample. Diabet.Med 2004;21(12):1346-1352. View abstract.

Sharma N, Mishra KP, Chanda S, et al. Evaluation of anti-dengue activity of Carica papaya aqueous leaf extract and its role in platelet augmentation. Arch Virol 2019;164(4):1095-110. View abstract.

Marotta, F., Yoshida, C., Barreto, R., Naito, Y., and Packer, L. Oxidative-inflammatory damage in cirrhosis: effect of vitamin E and a fermented papaya preparation. J Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2007;22(5):697-703. View abstract.

Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Title 21. Part 182 -- Substances Generally Recognized As Safe. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=182

Saliasi I, Llodra JC, Bravo M, et al. Effect of a toothpaste/mouthwash containing Carica papaya leaf extract on interdental gingival bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018;15(12). pii: E2660. View abstract.

de Azeredo EL, Monteiro RQ, de-Oliveira Pinto LM. Thrombocytopenia in dengue: interrelationship between virus and the imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolysis and inflammatory mediators. Mediators Inflamm 2015;2015:313842. View abstract.

Potischman, N. and Brinton, L. A. Nutrition and cervical neoplasia. Cancer Causes Control 1996;7(1):113-126. View abstract.

Giuliano, A. R., Siegel, E. M., Roe, D. J., Ferreira, S., Baggio, M. L., Galan, L., Duarte-Franco, E., Villa, L. L., Rohan, T. E., Marshall, J. R., and Franco, E. L. Dietary intake and risk of persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: the Ludwig-McGill HPV Natural History Study. J Infect.Dis. 11-15-2003;188(10):1508-1516. View abstract.

Alam, M. G., Snow, E. T., and Tanaka, A. Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown in Samta village, Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 6-1-2003;308(1-3):83-96. View abstract.

Deiana, M., Dessi, M. A., Ke, B., Liang, Y. F., Higa, T., Gilmour, P. S., Jen, L. S., Rahman, I., and Aruoma, O. I. The antioxidant cocktail effective microorganism X (EM-X) inhibits oxidant-induced interleukin-8 release and the peroxidation of phospholipids in vitro. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 9-6-2002;296(5):1148-1151. View abstract.

Matinian, L. A., Nagapetian, KhO, Amirian, S. S., Mkrtchian, S. R., Mirzoian, V. S., and Voskanian, R. M. [Papain phonophoresis in the treatment of suppurative wounds and inflammatory processes]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 1990;(9):74-76. View abstract.